Buffer.h

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#ifndef HALIDE_BUFFER_H
#define HALIDE_BUFFER_H
 
#include "DeviceInterface.h"
#include "Expr.h"
#include "IntrusivePtr.h"
#include "runtime/HalideBuffer.h"
 
namespace Halide {
 
constexpr int AnyDims = Halide::Runtime::AnyDims;  // -1
 
template<typename T = void, int Dims = AnyDims>
class Buffer;
 
struct JITUserContext;
 
namespace Internal {
 
struct BufferContents {
    mutable RefCount ref_count;
    std::string name;
    Runtime::Buffer<> buf;
};
 
Expr buffer_accessor(const Buffer<> &buf, const std::vector<Expr> &args);
 
template<typename... Args>
struct all_ints_and_optional_name : std::false_type {};
 
template<typename First, typename... Rest>
struct all_ints_and_optional_name<First, Rest...> : meta_and<std::is_convertible<First, int>,
                                                             all_ints_and_optional_name<Rest...>> {};
 
template<typename T>
struct all_ints_and_optional_name<T> : meta_or<std::is_convertible<T, std::string>,
                                               std::is_convertible<T, int>> {};
 
template<>
struct all_ints_and_optional_name<> : std::true_type {};
 
template<typename T,
         typename = std::enable_if_t<!std::is_convertible_v<T, std::string>>>
std::string get_name_from_end_of_parameter_pack(T &&) {
    return "";
}
 
inline std::string get_name_from_end_of_parameter_pack(const std::string &n) {
    return n;
}
 
inline std::string get_name_from_end_of_parameter_pack() {
    return "";
}
 
template<typename First,
         typename Second,
         typename... Args>
std::string get_name_from_end_of_parameter_pack(First first, Second second, Args &&...rest) {
    return get_name_from_end_of_parameter_pack(second, std::forward<Args>(rest)...);
}
 
inline void get_shape_from_start_of_parameter_pack_helper(std::vector<int> &, const std::string &) {
}
 
inline void get_shape_from_start_of_parameter_pack_helper(std::vector<int> &) {
}
 
template<typename... Args>
void get_shape_from_start_of_parameter_pack_helper(std::vector<int> &result, int x, Args &&...rest) {
    result.push_back(x);
    get_shape_from_start_of_parameter_pack_helper(result, std::forward<Args>(rest)...);
}
 
template<typename... Args>
std::vector<int> get_shape_from_start_of_parameter_pack(Args &&...args) {
    std::vector<int> result;
    get_shape_from_start_of_parameter_pack_helper(result, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    return result;
}
 
template<typename T, typename T2>
using add_const_if_T_is_const = std::conditional_t<std::is_const_v<T>, const T2, T2>;
 
// Helpers to produce the name of a Buffer element type (a Halide
// scalar type, or void, possibly with const). Useful for an error
// messages.
template<typename T>
void buffer_type_name_non_const(std::ostream &s) {
    s << type_to_c_type(type_of<T>(), false);
}
 
template<>
inline void buffer_type_name_non_const<void>(std::ostream &s) {
    s << "void";
}
 
template<typename T>
std::string buffer_type_name() {
    std::ostringstream oss;
    if (std::is_const_v<T>) {
        oss << "const ";
    }
    buffer_type_name_non_const<std::remove_const_t<T>>(oss);
    return oss.str();
}
 
}  // namespace Internal
 
/** A Halide::Buffer is a named shared reference to a
 * Halide::Runtime::Buffer.
 *
 * A Buffer<T1, D> can refer to a Buffer<T2, D> if T1 is const whenever T2
 * is const, and either T1 = T2 or T1 is void. A Buffer<void, D> can
 * refer to any Buffer of any non-const type, and the default
 * template parameter is T = void.
 *
 * A Buffer<T, D1> can refer to a Buffer<T, D2> if D1 == D2,
 * or if D1 is AnyDims (meaning "dimensionality is checked at runtime, not compiletime").
 */
template<typename T, int Dims>
class Buffer {
    Internal::IntrusivePtr<Internal::BufferContents> contents;
 
    template<typename T2, int D2>
    friend class Buffer;
 
    template<typename T2, int D2>
    static void assert_can_convert_from(const Buffer<T2, D2> &other) {
        if (!other.defined()) {
            // Avoid UB of deferencing offset of a null contents ptr
            static_assert(!std::is_const_v<T2> || std::is_const_v<T>,
                          "Can't convert from a Buffer<const T> to a Buffer<T>");
            static_assert(std::is_same_v<std::remove_const_t<T>, std::remove_const_t<T2>> ||
                              std::is_void_v<T> ||
                              std::is_void_v<T2>,
                          "type mismatch constructing Buffer");
            static_assert(Dims == AnyDims || D2 == AnyDims || Dims == D2,
                          "Can't convert from a Buffer with static dimensionality to a Buffer with different static dimensionality");
        } else {
            // Don't delegate to
            // Runtime::Buffer<T>::assert_can_convert_from. It might
            // not assert if NDEBUG is defined. user_assert is
            // friendlier anyway because it reports line numbers when
            // debugging symbols are found, it throws an exception
            // when exceptions are enabled, and we can print the
            // actual types in question.
            using BufType = Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>;  // alias because commas in user_assert() macro confuses compiler
            user_assert(BufType::can_convert_from(*(other.get())))
                << "Type mismatch constructing Buffer. Can't construct Buffer<"
                << Internal::buffer_type_name<T>() << ", " << Dims << "> from Buffer<"
                << type_to_c_type(other.type(), false) << ", " << D2 << ">, dimensions() = " << other.dimensions() << "\n";
        }
    }
 
public:
    static constexpr int AnyDims = Halide::AnyDims;
    static_assert(Dims == AnyDims || Dims >= 0);
 
    typedef T ElemType;
 
    // This class isn't final (and is subclassed from the Python binding
    // code, at least) so it needs a virtual dtor.
    virtual ~Buffer() = default;
 
    /** Make a null Buffer, which points to no Runtime::Buffer */
    Buffer() = default;
 
    /** Trivial copy constructor. */
    Buffer(const Buffer &that) = default;
 
    /** Trivial copy assignment operator. */
    Buffer &operator=(const Buffer &that) = default;
 
    /** Trivial move assignment operator. */
    Buffer &operator=(Buffer &&) noexcept = default;
 
    /** Make a Buffer from a Buffer of a different type */
    template<typename T2, int D2>
    Buffer(const Buffer<T2, D2> &other)
        : contents(other.contents) {
        assert_can_convert_from(other);
    }
 
    /** Move construct from a Buffer of a different type */
    template<typename T2, int D2>
    Buffer(Buffer<T2, D2> &&other) noexcept {
        assert_can_convert_from(other);
        contents = std::move(other.contents);
    }
 
    /** Construct a Buffer that captures and owns an rvalue Runtime::Buffer */
    template<int D2>
    Buffer(Runtime::Buffer<T, D2> &&buf, const std::string &name = "")
        : contents(new Internal::BufferContents) {
        contents->buf = std::move(buf);
        if (name.empty()) {
            contents->name = Internal::unique_name('b');
        } else {
            contents->name = name;
        }
    }
 
    /** Constructors that match Runtime::Buffer with two differences:
     * 1) They take a Type instead of a halide_type_t
     * 2) There is an optional last string argument that gives the buffer a specific name
     */
    // @{
    template<typename... Args,
             typename = std::enable_if_t<Internal::all_ints_and_optional_name<Args...>::value>>
    explicit Buffer(Type t,
                    int first, Args... rest)
        : Buffer(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>(t, Internal::get_shape_from_start_of_parameter_pack(first, rest...)),
                 Internal::get_name_from_end_of_parameter_pack(rest...)) {
    }
 
    explicit Buffer(const halide_buffer_t &buf,
                    const std::string &name = "")
        : Buffer(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>(buf), name) {
    }
 
    template<typename... Args,
             typename = std::enable_if_t<Internal::all_ints_and_optional_name<Args...>::value>>
    explicit Buffer(int first, const Args &...rest)
        : Buffer(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>(Internal::get_shape_from_start_of_parameter_pack(first, rest...)),
                 Internal::get_name_from_end_of_parameter_pack(rest...)) {
    }
 
    explicit Buffer(Type t,
                    const std::vector<int> &sizes,
                    const std::string &name = "")
        : Buffer(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>(t, sizes), name) {
    }
 
    explicit Buffer(Type t,
                    const std::vector<int> &sizes,
                    const std::vector<int> &storage_order,
                    const std::string &name = "")
        : Buffer(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>(t, sizes, storage_order), name) {
    }
 
    explicit Buffer(const std::vector<int> &sizes,
                    const std::string &name = "")
        : Buffer(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>(sizes), name) {
    }
 
    explicit Buffer(const std::vector<int> &sizes,
                    const std::vector<int> &storage_order,
                    const std::string &name = "")
        : Buffer(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>(sizes, storage_order), name) {
    }
 
    template<typename Array, size_t N>
    explicit Buffer(Array (&vals)[N],
                    const std::string &name = "")
        : Buffer(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>(vals), name) {
    }
 
    template<typename... Args,
             typename = std::enable_if_t<Internal::all_ints_and_optional_name<Args...>::value>>
    explicit Buffer(Type t,
                    Internal::add_const_if_T_is_const<T, void> *data,
                    int first, Args &&...rest)
        : Buffer(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>(t, data, Internal::get_shape_from_start_of_parameter_pack(first, rest...)),
                 Internal::get_name_from_end_of_parameter_pack(rest...)) {
    }
 
    template<typename... Args,
             typename = std::enable_if_t<Internal::all_ints_and_optional_name<Args...>::value>>
    explicit Buffer(Type t,
                    Internal::add_const_if_T_is_const<T, void> *data,
                    const std::vector<int> &sizes,
                    const std::string &name = "")
        : Buffer(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>(t, data, sizes, name)) {
    }
 
    template<typename... Args,
             typename = std::enable_if_t<Internal::all_ints_and_optional_name<Args...>::value>>
    explicit Buffer(T *data,
                    int first, Args &&...rest)
        : Buffer(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>(data, Internal::get_shape_from_start_of_parameter_pack(first, rest...)),
                 Internal::get_name_from_end_of_parameter_pack(rest...)) {
    }
 
    explicit Buffer(T *data,
                    const std::vector<int> &sizes,
                    const std::string &name = "")
        : Buffer(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>(data, sizes), name) {
    }
 
    explicit Buffer(Type t,
                    Internal::add_const_if_T_is_const<T, void> *data,
                    const std::vector<int> &sizes,
                    const std::string &name = "")
        : Buffer(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>(t, data, sizes), name) {
    }
 
    explicit Buffer(Type t,
                    Internal::add_const_if_T_is_const<T, void> *data,
                    int d,
                    const halide_dimension_t *shape,
                    const std::string &name = "")
        : Buffer(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>(t, data, d, shape), name) {
    }
 
    explicit Buffer(T *data,
                    int d,
                    const halide_dimension_t *shape,
                    const std::string &name = "")
        : Buffer(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>(data, d, shape), name) {
    }
 
    static Buffer<T, Dims> make_scalar(const std::string &name = "") {
        return Buffer<T, Dims>(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>::make_scalar(), name);
    }
 
    static Buffer<> make_scalar(Type t, const std::string &name = "") {
        return Buffer<>(Runtime::Buffer<>::make_scalar(t), name);
    }
 
    static Buffer<T, Dims> make_scalar(T *data, const std::string &name = "") {
        return Buffer<T, Dims>(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>::make_scalar(data), name);
    }
 
    static Buffer<T, Dims> make_interleaved(int width, int height, int channels, const std::string &name = "") {
        return Buffer<T, Dims>(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>::make_interleaved(width, height, channels), name);
    }
 
    static Buffer<> make_interleaved(Type t, int width, int height, int channels, const std::string &name = "") {
        return Buffer<>(Runtime::Buffer<>::make_interleaved(t, width, height, channels), name);
    }
 
    static Buffer<T, Dims> make_interleaved(T *data, int width, int height, int channels, const std::string &name = "") {
        return Buffer<T, Dims>(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>::make_interleaved(data, width, height, channels), name);
    }
 
    static Buffer<Internal::add_const_if_T_is_const<T, void>>
    make_interleaved(Type t, T *data, int width, int height, int channels, const std::string &name = "") {
        using T2 = Internal::add_const_if_T_is_const<T, void>;
        return Buffer<T2, Dims>(Runtime::Buffer<T2, Dims>::make_interleaved(t, data, width, height, channels), name);
    }
 
    template<typename T2, int D2>
    static Buffer<T, Dims> make_with_shape_of(Buffer<T2, D2> src,
                                              void *(*allocate_fn)(size_t) = nullptr,
                                              void (*deallocate_fn)(void *) = nullptr,
                                              const std::string &name = "") {
        return Buffer<T, Dims>(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>::make_with_shape_of(*src.get(), allocate_fn, deallocate_fn), name);
    }
 
    template<typename T2, int D2>
    static Buffer<T, Dims> make_with_shape_of(const Runtime::Buffer<T2, D2> &src,
                                              void *(*allocate_fn)(size_t) = nullptr,
                                              void (*deallocate_fn)(void *) = nullptr,
                                              const std::string &name = "") {
        return Buffer<T, Dims>(Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>::make_with_shape_of(src, allocate_fn, deallocate_fn), name);
    }
    // @}
 
    /** Buffers are optionally named. */
    // @{
    void set_name(const std::string &n) {
        contents->name = n;
    }
 
    const std::string &name() const {
        return contents->name;
    }
    // @}
 
    /** Check if two Buffer objects point to the same underlying Buffer */
    template<typename T2, int D2>
    bool same_as(const Buffer<T2, D2> &other) const {
        return (const void *)(contents.get()) == (const void *)(other.contents.get());
    }
 
    /** Check if this Buffer refers to an existing
     * Buffer. Default-constructed Buffer objects do not refer to any
     * existing Buffer. */
    bool defined() const {
        return contents.defined();
    }
 
    /** Get a pointer to the underlying Runtime::Buffer */
    // @{
    Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims> *get() {
        // It's already type-checked, so no need to use as<T>.
        return (Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims> *)(&contents->buf);
    }
    const Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims> *get() const {
        return (const Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims> *)(&contents->buf);
    }
    // @}
 
    // We forward numerous methods from the underlying Buffer
#define HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(method)                                                                                             \
    template<typename... Args>                                                                                                          \
    auto method(Args &&...args) const -> decltype(std::declval<const Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>>().method(std::forward<Args>(args)...)) { \
        user_assert(defined()) << "Undefined buffer calling const method " #method "\n";                                                \
        return get()->method(std::forward<Args>(args)...);                                                                              \
    }
 
#define HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(method)                                                                                       \
    template<typename... Args>                                                                                              \
    auto method(Args &&...args) -> decltype(std::declval<Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>>().method(std::forward<Args>(args)...)) { \
        user_assert(defined()) << "Undefined buffer calling method " #method "\n";                                          \
        return get()->method(std::forward<Args>(args)...);                                                                  \
    }
 
// This is a weird-looking but effective workaround for a deficiency in "perfect forwarding":
// namely, it can't really handle initializer-lists. The idea here is that we declare
// the expected type to be passed on, and that allows the compiler to handle it.
// The weirdness comes in with the variadic macro: the problem is that the type
// we want to forward might be something like `std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>`,
// which contains a comma, which throws a big wrench in C++ macro system.
// However... since all we really need to do is capture the remainder of the macro,
// and forward it as is, we can just use ... to allow an arbitrary number of commas,
// then use __VA_ARGS__ to forward the mess as-is, and while it looks horrible, it
// works.
#define HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_INITIALIZER_LIST(method, ...)                                                    \
    inline auto method(const __VA_ARGS__ &a) -> decltype(std::declval<Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>>().method(a)) { \
        user_assert(defined()) << "Undefined buffer calling method " #method "\n";                             \
        return get()->method(a);                                                                               \
    }
 
    /** Does the same thing as the equivalent Halide::Runtime::Buffer method */
    // @{
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(raw_buffer)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(raw_buffer)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(dimensions)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(dim)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(width)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(height)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(channels)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(min)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(extent)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(stride)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(left)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(right)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(top)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(bottom)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(number_of_elements)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(size_in_bytes)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(begin)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(end)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(data)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(data)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(contains)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(crop)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_INITIALIZER_LIST(crop, std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(cropped)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(slice)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(sliced)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(embed)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(embedded)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(set_min)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(translate)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_INITIALIZER_LIST(translate, std::vector<int>)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(translated)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(transpose)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(transposed)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(add_dimension)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(copy_to_host)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(copy_to_device)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(has_device_allocation)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(host_dirty)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(device_dirty)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(set_host_dirty)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(set_device_dirty)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(device_sync)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(device_malloc)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(device_wrap_native)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(device_detach_native)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(allocate)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(deallocate)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(device_deallocate)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD(device_free)
    HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST(all_equal)
 
#undef HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD
#undef HALIDE_BUFFER_FORWARD_CONST
 
    template<typename Fn, typename... Args>
    Buffer<T, Dims> &for_each_value(Fn &&f, Args... other_buffers) {
        get()->for_each_value(std::forward<Fn>(f), (*std::forward<Args>(other_buffers).get())...);
        return *this;
    }
 
    template<typename Fn, typename... Args>
    const Buffer<T, Dims> &for_each_value(Fn &&f, Args... other_buffers) const {
        get()->for_each_value(std::forward<Fn>(f), (*std::forward<Args>(other_buffers).get())...);
        return *this;
    }
 
    template<typename Fn>
    Buffer<T, Dims> &for_each_element(Fn &&f) {
        get()->for_each_element(std::forward<Fn>(f));
        return *this;
    }
 
    template<typename Fn>
    const Buffer<T, Dims> &for_each_element(Fn &&f) const {
        get()->for_each_element(std::forward<Fn>(f));
        return *this;
    }
 
    template<typename FnOrValue>
    Buffer<T, Dims> &fill(FnOrValue &&f) {
        get()->fill(std::forward<FnOrValue>(f));
        return *this;
    }
 
    static constexpr bool has_static_halide_type = Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>::has_static_halide_type;
 
    static constexpr halide_type_t static_halide_type() {
        return Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>::static_halide_type();
    }
 
    static constexpr bool has_static_dimensions = Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>::has_static_dimensions;
 
    static constexpr int static_dimensions() {
        return Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>::static_dimensions();
    }
 
    template<typename T2, int D2>
    static bool can_convert_from(const Buffer<T2, D2> &other) {
        return Halide::Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>::can_convert_from(*other.get());
    }
 
    // Note that since Runtime::Buffer stores halide_type_t rather than Halide::Type,
    // there is no handle-specific type information, so all handle types are
    // considered equivalent to void* here. (This only matters if you are making
    // a Buffer-of-handles, which is not really a real use case...)
    Type type() const {
        return contents->buf.type();
    }
 
    template<typename T2, int D2 = Dims>
    Buffer<T2, D2> as() const {
        return Buffer<T2, D2>(*this);
    }
 
    Buffer<T, Dims> copy() const {
        return Buffer<T, Dims>(std::move(contents->buf.as<T, Dims>().copy()));
    }
 
    template<typename T2, int D2>
    void copy_from(const Buffer<T2, D2> &other) {
        contents->buf.copy_from(*other.get());
    }
 
    template<typename... Args>
    auto operator()(int first, Args &&...args) -> decltype(std::declval<Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>>()(first, std::forward<Args>(args)...)) {
        return (*get())(first, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    }
 
    template<typename... Args>
    auto operator()(int first, Args &&...args) const -> decltype(std::declval<const Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>>()(first, std::forward<Args>(args)...)) {
        return (*get())(first, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    }
 
    auto operator()(const int *pos) -> decltype(std::declval<Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>>()(pos)) {
        return (*get())(pos);
    }
 
    auto operator()(const int *pos) const -> decltype(std::declval<const Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>>()(pos)) {
        return (*get())(pos);
    }
 
    auto operator()() -> decltype(std::declval<Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>>()()) {
        return (*get())();
    }
 
    auto operator()() const -> decltype(std::declval<const Runtime::Buffer<T, Dims>>()()) {
        return (*get())();
    }
    // @}
 
    /** Make an Expr that loads from this concrete buffer at a computed
     * coordinate. Returned Expr is const so that it's not possible to
     * accidentally treat a buffer like a Func and try to assign an Expr to a
     * given symbolic coordinate. */
    // @{
    template<typename... Args>
    const Expr operator()(const Expr &first, const Args &...rest) const {  // NOLINT(readability-const-return-type)
        std::vector<Expr> args = {first, rest...};
        return (*this)(args);
    }
 
    template<typename... Args>
    const Expr operator()(const std::vector<Expr> &args) const {  // NOLINT(readability-const-return-type)
        return buffer_accessor(Buffer<>(*this), args);
    }
    // @}
 
    /** Copy to the GPU, using the device API that is the default for the given Target. */
    int copy_to_device(const Target &t = get_jit_target_from_environment(), JITUserContext *context = nullptr) {
        return copy_to_device(DeviceAPI::Default_GPU, t, context);
    }
 
    /** Copy to the GPU, using the given device API */
    int copy_to_device(const DeviceAPI &d, const Target &t = get_jit_target_from_environment(), JITUserContext *context = nullptr) {
        return contents->buf.copy_to_device(get_device_interface_for_device_api(d, t, "Buffer::copy_to_device"), context);
    }
 
    /** Allocate on the GPU, using the device API that is the default for the given Target. */
    int device_malloc(const Target &t = get_jit_target_from_environment(), JITUserContext *context = nullptr) {
        return device_malloc(DeviceAPI::Default_GPU, t, context);
    }
 
    /** Allocate storage on the GPU, using the given device API */
    int device_malloc(const DeviceAPI &d, const Target &t = get_jit_target_from_environment(), JITUserContext *context = nullptr) {
        return contents->buf.device_malloc(get_device_interface_for_device_api(d, t, "Buffer::device_malloc"), context);
    }
 
    /** Wrap a native handle, using the given device API.
     * It is a bad idea to pass DeviceAPI::Default_GPU to this routine
     * as the handle argument must match the API that the default
     * resolves to and it is clearer and more reliable to pass the
     * resolved DeviceAPI explicitly. */
    int device_wrap_native(const DeviceAPI &d, uint64_t handle, const Target &t = get_jit_target_from_environment(), JITUserContext *context = nullptr) {
        return contents->buf.device_wrap_native(get_device_interface_for_device_api(d, t, "Buffer::device_wrap_native"), handle, context);
    }
};
 
}  // namespace Halide
 
#endif